Professional Home Renovators Surrey

Professional Home Renovators Surrey

Plumbing upgrades

We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget. House remodeling experts Their involvement goes beyond mere financial support; they're often seen rolling up their sleeves and getting involved at the ground level. This option taps into the value you've already built in your home, offering you a potentially large sum to cover renovation costs. Learn more about Professional Home Renovators Surrey here Instead, it adds a unique charm and story to your home, all while reducing waste. Canyon uses only the best materials and the latest techniques to deliver a result that's not just aesthetically pleasing but also durable.
We can help you reduce your carbon footprint and save on energy bills by integrating smart home technology, upgrading insulation, and more. Learn more about Home Remodeling Services in Surrey, BC here. Read more about Professional Home Renovators Surrey here Initially, you'll sit down with their design team to share your vision, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. You're likely seeking a partner that combines a unique renovation approach with tailored design solutions, and that's precisely where Canyon stands out.
From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in. First, their team's expertise spans across all aspects of home renovation. And if you're thinking about expanding your living space, we specialize in basement finishing and home additions. Energy-efficient renovations From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Interior painting

  1. Painting and wall finishes
  2. Structural renovation
  3. Exterior painting
  4. Built-in storage solutions
  5. Full-service renovation Surrey
  6. Eco-friendly renovations
  7. Attic renovation
  8. Basement suite construction
  9. Laundry room renovation
  10. Home remodeling consultation
  11. Roofing and gutters
  12. Renovation contractors
  13. Custom cabinetry
  14. Painting and wall finishes
  15. Structural renovation
  16. Exterior painting
  17. Built-in storage solutions

They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises.

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  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Attic renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Renovation contractors
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Structural renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Attic renovation
At Canyon Property Projects, we believe that exceptional project management is the backbone of every successful renovation. That's why we offer transparent pricing and realistic timelines from the outset.

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  • Basement suite construction
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Renovation contractors
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Structural renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Attic renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
You'll never find hidden fees or unexpected delays with us.

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  1. Renovation contractors
  2. Custom cabinetry
  3. Painting and wall finishes
  4. Structural renovation
  5. Exterior painting
  6. Best renovation experts Surrey
  7. Interior painting
  8. Wall removal services
  9. Foundation repair
  10. House remodeling experts
  11. Custom design-build services
  12. Energy-efficient renovations
  13. Permit and code compliance
  14. Exterior home renovation
  15. Lighting upgrades
  16. Built-in storage solutions

But what sets them apart isn't just their craftsmanship-it's their approach to each project, ensuring every detail reflects the homeowner's vision and needs. They understand that every detail matters to you, from the initial design to the final touches. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-plan kitchen or a luxurious, spa-like bathroom, they've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. You'll find their team eager to discuss your project, whether you're contemplating a simple update or a comprehensive remodel. You're also thinking about functionality, improving the flow of your home, and incorporating smart technology that enhances your day-to-day living.

This is where you'll share your vision, needs, and the budget you're working with. From elevating functional living spaces to ensuring every client's satisfaction, their commitment to excellence sets a new benchmark. Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized. Home insulation upgrades Our team of experts specializes in transforming spaces to reflect your unique style and improve functionality.

It's comforting to know our home is contributing to a greener planet.'These testimonials underscore the trust our clients place in us, not just for the quality of work but for our dedication to eco-friendly practices. At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just build spaces; we create environments that you'll love for years to come. Let these images inspire your next home project and imagine the possibilities. Sarah M. shares, 'Canyon Property transformed our outdated kitchen into a modern, energy-efficient space.

Understanding the busy lives of their clients, Canyon Property Projects operates with extended hours. They achieve this by leveraging long-standing relationships with suppliers and employing efficient project management techniques that minimize waste and maximize value. Eco-friendly renovations Behind every before and after photo is the story of a journey. They'll discuss potential designs, materials, and the scope of work in detail, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations.

Citations and other links

Affordable Bathroom Remodeling Professional Home Renovators Surrey

This means you're always in the loop, able to make informed decisions quickly. They've built a reputation for delivering top-notch results, all while ensuring the process is smooth and transparent. It'll be a true reflection of you, making it a place where you'll love to live for years to come. With their suite of renovation services, you're not just upgrading your space; you're redefining your living experience.

These stories are just a glimpse of what we've accomplished.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Lighting upgrades

  1. Roofing and gutters
  2. Renovation contractors
  3. Custom cabinetry
  4. Painting and wall finishes
  5. Structural renovation
  6. Exterior painting
  7. Lighting upgrades
  8. Built-in storage solutions
  9. Full-service renovation Surrey
  10. Eco-friendly renovations
  11. Attic renovation
  12. Basement suite construction
  13. Laundry room renovation
  14. Home remodeling consultation
  15. Roofing and gutters
  16. Renovation contractors
  17. Custom cabinetry
We also understand the importance of personalization. It's crucial to shop around and compare offers from different lenders to find the best rate and terms for your situation.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Built-in storage solutions

  1. Basement suite construction
  2. Laundry room renovation
  3. Home remodeling consultation
  4. Roofing and gutters
  5. Renovation contractors
  6. Custom cabinetry
  7. Painting and wall finishes
  8. Structural renovation
  9. Exterior painting
  10. Eco-friendly renovations
  11. Attic renovation
  12. Basement suite construction
  13. Laundry room renovation
  14. Home remodeling consultation
  15. Roofing and gutters


Each photo in the gallery tells a story of collaboration, creativity, and craftsmanship. This approach removes the stress and uncertainty that can often accompany renovation projects.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Eco-friendly renovations

  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Attic renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Renovation contractors
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Structural renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • Kitchen renovation
We always felt informed and involved in the decision-making, making it a truly collaborative experience.' Canyon Property Projects' emphasis on client involvement ensures that the final outcome reflects the homeowner's vision, further cementing their reputation for customer satisfaction.

Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're assured of a home renovation experience that's as unique as you are. This open line ensures that any hiccups are swiftly addressed, keeping the project on track.

Affordable Bathroom Remodeling Professional Home Renovators Surrey
Professional Home Renovators Surrey Home Remodeling Solutions

Professional Home Renovators Surrey Home Remodeling Solutions

We dive deep into your vision, prioritizing your preferences while ensuring every space is optimized for your lifestyle. Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future. Their team of experienced designers listens to your ideas, preferences, and the specific requirements you have for your living space. Moreover, communication is at the heart of their approach.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Energy-efficient renovations

  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Renovation contractors
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Structural renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Door installation
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Interior painting
  • Wall removal services
  • Foundation repair
  • House remodeling experts
  • Custom design-build services


Whether you're looking for a modern makeover or a timeless design, we've got you covered. Following your initial inquiry, Canyon schedules a consultation to dive deeper into your project. Another client mentioned, 'The communication was top-notch.

Throughout this phase, communication is key. You'll find that their approach to kitchen remodeling focuses on combining functionality with aesthetics.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Home insulation upgrades

  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Renovation contractors
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Structural renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • House remodeling experts
  • Custom design-build services
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Attic renovation
Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget.

You'll appreciate the way they prioritize understanding your vision. Energy efficiency is another key focus. Best renovation experts Surrey Building on our commitment to high-quality craftsmanship, Canyon Property Projects offers a comprehensive range of services to turn your renovation dreams into reality.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey Home Improvement Contractors

Upon completion, they ensure everything is perfect, down to the last detail. Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable. At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just apply a one-size-fits-all solution; we dive deep into what makes your space special to you. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find just that-a group of experienced workers whose expertise spans across every aspect of home renovation.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Interior painting

  1. Structural renovation
  2. Exterior painting
  3. Foundation repair
  4. House remodeling experts
  5. Custom design-build services
  6. Energy-efficient renovations
  7. Permit and code compliance
  8. Exterior home renovation
  9. Lighting upgrades
  10. Built-in storage solutions
  11. Full-service renovation Surrey
  12. Eco-friendly renovations
  13. Attic renovation
  14. Basement suite construction
  15. Laundry room renovation
What really makes us stand out is our commitment to transparency and communication.

We're committed to delivering top-notch quality within agreed timelines, because we know you're eager to enjoy your newly renovated space. You're not just getting builders; you're partnering with seasoned designers, architects, and craftsmen who understand the nuances of creating a space that's both beautiful and functional. They listen to your ideas, offering expert guidance to refine and enhance the plan. Let's make your dream home a reality without breaking the bank.

You'll be kept in the loop every step of the way, ensuring there are no surprises. Plumbing upgrades Choosing us means investing in a future where home renovations go hand in hand with environmental stewardship. Another homeowner, Mike, highlights the efficiency of the process. 'They completed our extension on time, without skimping on quality or sustainability,' he notes, emphasizing the rarity of finding such dedication. Sustainability and personalization are set to take center stage.

Once you give the green light, the magic begins. Our team works closely with you at every step, ensuring that your vision comes to life exactly as you've imagined it. Avoiding common renovation mistakes can save you both time and money when customizing your home with Canyon Property Projects.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Best renovation experts Surrey

  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Renovation contractors
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Structural renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Attic renovation
  • Basement suite construction
To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey Home Improvement Contractors
Home Renovation Services Professional Home Renovators Surrey
Home Renovation Services Professional Home Renovators Surrey

We strive to minimize this impact by maintaining a tidy work site, adhering to agreed-upon work hours, and keeping open lines of communication so you're never left wondering what's happening next. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to making your renovation journey a success from start to finish. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. A quick call can often answer immediate questions and set up a more detailed discussion. It's this personal touch, combined with professional expertise, that makes Canyon Property the smart choice for your renovation project.

Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs. Their expert project management ensures that your renovation journey is a positive, fulfilling experience from start to finish. Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, their approach to project management is designed to put your concerns at ease and bring your vision to life.

We install low-flow plumbing fixtures to reduce water usage without affecting performance. They use only the best materials and employ skilled craftsmen who are passionate about their work. In essence, choosing Canyon Property means you're opting for a seamless, stress-free renovation experience delivered by a team that values your satisfaction above all. We keep you in the loop from start to finish, providing regular updates and being available to answer any questions you might have. Surrey home renovation company

Some programs offer favorable terms or rebates for improvements that increase your home's energy efficiency. Your project could be their next success story, reflecting a perfect blend of aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability. Canyon Property's renovation approach uniquely tailors each project to your specific needs, ensuring a personalized and efficient transformation of your space. But before you make any decisions, consider the testimonials from satisfied clients and how their experiences might mirror the outcome you're hoping for.

Home Makeovers Professional Home Renovators Surrey

They're flexible, ready to adjust plans as new ideas come to light or challenges arise. This collaboration ensures that the end result is as unique as you are, perfectly suited to your tastes and functional needs. Canyon's team was professional, efficient, and their attention to detail was remarkable.' It's feedback like Sarah's that highlights the dedication and quality Canyon Property Projects brings to every project. After exploring comprehensive home renovations, let's now focus on how Canyon Property crafts a personalized design process for your project.
Need custom cabinetry? You'll find we're sticklers for schedules. One common challenge is unexpected delays.
When you're tackling a home renovation or dealing with pesky plumbing issues, you want a team that not only understands the complexities of plumbing systems but also approaches each project with a solution-oriented mindset. They're all ears, ensuring every detail of your vision is captured. You'll find their team proactive in identifying potential issues before they become problems, saving you time and money. Interior painting
It's crucial for setting the project's direction and ensuring we're all on the same page. Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner.

Professional Home Renovators Surrey - Permit and code compliance

  1. Door installation
  2. Best renovation experts Surrey
  3. Interior painting
  4. Wall removal services
  5. Foundation repair
  6. House remodeling experts
  7. Custom design-build services
  8. Energy-efficient renovations
  9. Permit and code compliance
  10. Exterior home renovation
  11. Lighting upgrades
  12. Built-in storage solutions
  13. Full-service renovation Surrey
  14. Eco-friendly renovations
  15. Attic renovation
  16. Basement suite construction
  17. Laundry room renovation
  18. Home remodeling consultation
  19. Roofing and gutters
They're not just talking about installing energy-efficient appliances or LED lighting-though that's part of it.

Explore Professional Home Renovators Surrey here
Home Makeovers Professional Home Renovators Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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